Let's take almost the simplest possible case. I have two isotropic
radiators spaced one half wavelength apart, X and Y. I am going to
look at two emitters. One is collinear with my two radiators and one is
perpendicular to the line joining my two radiators
<br>
<br>
<br>X---wavelength/2---Y
<br>
<br>
<br>Let us that the emitter carrier frequency is F and that its total
bandwidth is B and that B is tiny compared to F.
<br>
<br>
<br>wavelength in the antenna ascii art is determined by F. So let us
suppose we have a receiver system that digitizes the incoming signal
from X and Y with LO's that are provided by a single oscillator and
furthermore, we will assign that the same oscillator is divided down to
provide the sampling clock for our digitizers (A/D's) and that the
sample rate > 2B. This is bigger than Nyquist for the bandwidth of my
signal. All signals are in the far field and so far that we may
consider wavefronts arriving as parallel.
<br>The perpendicular source is "up". There is no delay between X and Y,
so I simply add the signals together. Signals arriving from different
angles than perpendicular to the line joining X and Y are attenuated
with the greatest attenuation in the collinear directions, to the right
of Y and to the left of X respectively.
<br>
<br>Now consider the source that is collinear with X and Y. Assume the
collinear source is to the "right". The signal arrives at antenna X
delayed by
<br>
<br>wavelength / 2c seconds.
<br>
<br>At the frequency F this is a phase delay of pi/2 or 90 degrees since the
LO for both X and Y as well as the A/D clocks are all common or tied to
the same source.
<br>
<br>So the X signal is delayed by wavelength/2c seconds and the phase has
advanced by pi/2.
<br>
<br>After you have gone through the receive process, and are down to digital
samples, AND because the bandwidth of the signal B is tiny compared to
the carrier frequency F, you cannot distinguish the time delay
wavelength/2c because we are so grossly undersampled at the digitized
samples in most cases, but you can easily rotate the digital samples
for X by pi/2. In fact, it doesn't matter what the delay is between
these antennas up rotational ambiguity and not even there if F is hugely
larger than B. All that matters is the phase differences, which you
compute, reverse, and then add. If you had N antennas, you simply
compute the signal delays for each of the N antennas given the direction
you want to aim, and then compute what phase difference this will induce
because of the continuous phase advance of the LO (shared common amongst
all antennas). You turn these N delays DIRECTLY into phase rotations
that cancel the one at frequency F caused by the delay. Again, at
digitally sampled "base band", you cannot distinguish this delay
because it is TINY compared to the sample rate. You ignore it, do the
phase rotation, and add all N signals up.
<br>
<br>This "ignore it" for the delay is why you make the assumption that F
>> B. The phase shift across the entire bandwidth due to the delay
and the offset of the signal of interest from zero causing the phase
variance is assumed to be negligible compared to the rotation due to LO
advance because of the delay. When the B bandwidth of the signal
becomes large enough compared to the carrier F, so that Nyquist
sampling of the bandwidth B can "almost see" the delay between
elements, then you must compute a frequency dependent correction. But
again, you can do this in software with a fast enough computer by
polyphase filtering, doing it in the frequency domain where delays are
PRECISELY phase rotations. If you do it using an FFT, then the bins
will each have different rotations. This is not a narrow band phased
array since compensation must be done in a tapped delay line.
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>Did this help at all or is it only more confusing?
<br>
<br>Bob
<br>N4HY
<br>
<br>
<br>Murray Lang wrote:
<br><blockquote type="cite">***** High Performance Software Defined Radio Discussion List *****
<br>
<br>I would have thought the accuracy required would be orders of magnitude
greater than for sideband suppression.
<br>We're talking about phase shifts of small fractions of a wave length at
10s, 100s or 1000s of MHz.
<br>
<br>Murray
<br>VK6HL
<br>
<br>At 02:46 PM 5/09/2006, John B. Stephensen wrote:
<br>
<blockquote type="cite">Fortunately, mixers are linear for amplitude and phase. The accuracy
<br>required isn't any more than for sideband suppression.
<br>
<br>73,
<br>
<br>John
<br>KD6OZH
<br>
<br>----- Original Message -----
<br>From: "Murray Lang" <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:murray.lang@metoceanengineers.com"><murray.lang@metoceanengineers.com></a>
<br>To: "Robert McGwier" <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:rwmcgwier@gmail.com"><rwmcgwier@gmail.com></a>
<br>Cc: <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:hpsdr@hpsdr.org"><hpsdr@hpsdr.org></a>
<br>Sent: Tuesday, September 05, 2006 03:10 UTC
<br>Subject: Re: [hpsdr] My doubts about I/Q beam-forming
<br>
<br>
<br>
</blockquote></blockquote>
<br>
<br><span class="moz-txt-tag">-- <br></span>AMSAT VP Engineering. Member: ARRL, AMSAT-DL, TAPR, Packrats,
<br>NJQRP/AMQRP, QRP ARCI, QCWA, FRC. ARRL SDR Wrk Grp Chairman
<br>"You see, wire telegraph is a kind of a very, very long cat.
<br>You pull his tail in New York and his head is meowing in Los
<br>Angeles. Do you understand this? And radio operates exactly
<br>the same way: you send signals here, they receive them there.
<br>The only difference is that there is no cat." - Einstein
<br>